The Iberian orca is one of the most endangered marine mammal populations in the world. With fewer than 40 individuals remaining, its future is highly uncertain. Low birth rates, reduced survival and a lack of population growth mean that recovery is extremely challenging.

These orcas have a highly specialised way of life. They depend almost exclusively on Atlantic bluefin tuna, which they hunt actively or take from longline fisheries in the Strait of Gibraltar. While this strategy allows them to access energy-rich prey, it also brings them into close contact with fishing activities. As a result, individuals are frequently exposed to risks such as entanglement, injuries from fishing gear and, in some cases, negative reactions from humans. Many orcas in this population show visible scars and abrasions, likely caused by repeated interactions with lines and vessels.

In recent years, a new and unusual behaviour has emerged. Since 2020, Iberian orcas have been increasingly observed interacting with boats, often approaching them and targeting the rudder. These interactions can sometimes lead to damage to the vessel and have attracted growing public and media attention. 

This adds another layer of complexity to the conservation of an already vulnerable population. As interactions at sea become more frequent, understanding what is driving this behaviour and how to reduce potential conflicts have become an important part of protecting the Iberian orca.